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VDR glossary · Deal process

What is an SPA markup?

Definition

SPA markup: A bidder's edited version of the seller's draft share purchase agreement, showing every proposed change in tracked form so the seller can compare legal terms across competing offers.

How it works in a data room

The seller’s counsel uploads the draft share purchase agreement into a shared legal folder. Each bidder’s lawyers download a working copy, mark it up and return it, often to a private upload folder that rival bidders cannot see. The seller’s team then compares every markup against the original and against each other, using redline tools or the room’s document comparison feature. Later turns of the draft are tracked with version control so nobody negotiates from an outdated text.

Why it matters in a deal

Price is only part of a bid. A markup that rewrites the warranties, adds new conditions or caps liability at a low level can make a higher offer less attractive than a cleaner lower one. Sellers often score markups on risk allocation and certainty. A disciplined upload and comparison process stops changes from slipping through between rounds.

Example

In a sale of a specialty chemicals business, four bidders return markups. The seller’s lawyers produce a table summarizing each bidder’s position on the warranty cap, indemnities, conditions and the long-stop date. One bidder has quietly deleted a clause on environmental liabilities. The table drives the shortlist for final negotiations.

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